Biodecolorization of Azo Dye using Trametes sp. UM 12 Isolated from East Kalimantan
Abstract
The textile industry releases substantial amounts of azo dyes, including Reactive Black 5 (RB5), which persist in the environment due to their stable chemical structures and toxic properties. White-rot fungi-based biological treatment serves as an environmentally friendly and affordable method for removing dyes from water through the production of ligninolytic enzymes, including laccases. The research assesses Trametes sp. UM 12's decolourisation ability compared to Phanerochaete chrysosporium for RB 5 decolourisation efficiency. The research examined the effects of pH, temperature, agitation speed, and initial RB5 concentration on fungal decolourisation. The optimal removal of Trametes sp. was achieved at pH 5 and 30–35°C with 150 rpm agitation, resulting in more than 95% colour removal within 48–72 hours, and it reached 99.7% decolourization after 96 hours at 100 mg/L RB5. The process removed 98.7% and 96.8% of the dye at 100 mg/L and 250 mg/L after 120 hours, but only 52.1% and 31.8% at 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L, respectively. The process shows substrate inhibition and enzyme saturation at high pollutant concentrations. The research shows Trametes sp. UM 12 outstanding performance, making it suitable for treating wastewater in tropical environments.
Keywords
References
I. Dammak, I. Ben Atitallah, I. Louati, B. Hadrich, and T. Mechichi, “Optimization of reactive black 5 decolorization by the newly isolated Saccharomyces cerevisiae X19G2 using response-surface methodology,” 3 Biotech, vol. 12, no. 6, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13205-022-03191-6.
R. Al-Tohamy, J. Sun, M. F. Fareed, E. R. Kenawy, and S. S. Ali, “Ecofriendly biodegradation of Reactive Black 5 by newly isolated Sterigmatomyces halophilus SSA1575, valued for textile azo dye wastewater processing and detoxification,” Sci Rep, vol. 10, no. 1, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69304-4.
B. Balachandran and P. C. Sabumon, “A comprehensive review on biodegradation of azo dye mixtures, metabolite profiling with health implications and removal strategies,” Aug. 01, 2025, Elsevier B.V. doi: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100834.
T. R. Alkas, R. Ediati, T. Ersam, and A. S. Purnomo, “Reactive Black 5 decolorization using immobilized Brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 65, pp. 2934–2939, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.521.
M. M. Maroneze, L. Q. Zepka, J. G. Vieira, M. I. Queiroz, and E. Jacob-Lopes, “A tecnologia de remoção de fósforo: Gerenciamento do elemento em resíduos industriais,” Revista Ambiente e Agua, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 445–458, 2014, doi: 10.4136/1980-993X.
J. A. Silva, “Wastewater Treatment and Reuse for Sustainable Water Resources Management: A Systematic Literature Review,” Jul. 01, 2023, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). doi: 10.3390/su151410940.
A. Kalia and S. Singh, “Myco-decontamination of azo dyes: nano-augmentation technologies,” Sep. 01, 2020, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02378-z.
I. S. Herath, D. Udayanga, D. J. Jayasanka, and C. Hewawasam, “Textile dye decolorization by white rot fungi – A review,” Feb. 01, 2024, Elsevier Ltd. doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101687.
H. Younus, M. A. Khan, A. Khan, and F. A. Alhumaydhi, “Eco-Friendly Biocatalysts: Laccase Applications, Innovations, and Future Directions in Environmental Remediation,” Catalysts, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 921, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.3390/catal15100921.
D. H. Y. Yanto, N. Auliana, S. H. Anita, and T. Watanabe, “Decolorization of synthetic textile dyes by laccase from newly isolated Trametes hirsuta EDN084 mediated by violuric acid,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Institute of Physics Publishing, Nov. 2019. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/374/1/012005.
C. Ottoni, M. F. Simões, S. Fernandes, C. R. Santos, and N. Lima, “High laccase expression by Trametes versicolor in a simulated textile effluent with different carbon sources and PHs,” Int J Environ Res Public Health, vol. 13, no. 8, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.3390/ijerph13080778.
G. Gutiérrez-Soto, C. E. Hernández-Luna, I. López-Sandin, R. Parra-Saldívar, and J. H. Elizondo-Luevano, “Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Trametes hirsuta CS5 Laccases and Its Potential in Decolorizing Textile Dyes as Emerging Contaminants,” Environments - MDPI, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.3390/environments12010016.
L. A. Adnan, A. R. Mohd Yusoff, T. Hadibarata, and A. B. Khudhair, “Biodegradation of bis-azo dye reactive black 5 by white-rot fungus Trametes gibbosa sp. WRF 3 and its metabolite characterization,” Water Air Soil Pollut, vol. 225, no. 10, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s11270-014-2119-2.
M. F. ARIF et al., “Species and index diversity of macrofungi from two different locations in East Kalimantan,” Jurnal Natural, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 91–100, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.24815/jn.v25i2.46749.
N. Hujjatusnaini et al., “Ethnomicology of Basidiomycota fungus species in Central Kalimantan open forests,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing Ltd, Apr. 2021. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1869/1/012167.
A. Zamroni and S. Hamdi, “Eksplorasi Dan Isolasi Jamur Liar Yang Tumbuh Pada Areal Hutan Sekunder Di Wilayah Kelurahan Sungai Keledang, Samarinda (Expolration And Isolation Of Mushrooms Wildly Grown On Secondary Forest In Sungai Keledang Village, Samarinda),” 2016. [Online]. Available: www.mushroomexpert.com
P. Permpornsakul et al., “Biological treatment of reactive black 5 by resupinate white rot fungus Phanerochaete sordida PBU 0057,” Pol J Environ Stud, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1167–1176, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.15244/pjoes/61625.
P. Qin et al., “Optimization of laccase from Ganoderma lucidum decolorizing remazol brilliant blue R and Glac1 as main laccase-contributing gene,” Molecules, vol. 24, no. 21, 2019, doi: 10.3390/molecules24213914.
M. S. Revankar and S. S. Lele, “Increased production of extracellular laccase by the white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138,” World J Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 921–926, Sep. 2006, doi: 10.1007/s11274-006-9136-2.
A. Ben Ayed et al., “Optimization of the Decolorization of the Reactive Black 5 by a Laccase?like Active Cell?Free Supernatant from Coriolopsis gallica,” Microorganisms, vol. 10, no. 6, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10061137.
R. Al-Tohamy, S. S. Ali, R. Xie, M. Schagerl, M. A. Khalil, and J. Sun, “Decolorization of reactive azo dye using novel halotolerant yeast consortium HYC and proposed degradation pathway,” Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, vol. 263, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115258.
T. N. Wang, L. Lu, G. F. Li, J. Li, T. F. Xu, and M. Zhao, “Decolorization of the azo dye reactive black 5 using laccase mediator system,” Afr J Biotechnol, vol. 10, no. 75, pp. 17186–17191, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.5897/AJB11.1780.
S. H. Anita et al., “Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes by Tropical Fungi Isolated from Taman Eden 100, Toba Samosir, North Sumatra, Indonesia,” Hayati, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 417–427, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.4308/hjb.29.4.417-427.
R. Ozturk Urek and N. Kasikara Pazarlioglu, “BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY Enhanced Production of Manganese Peroxidase by Phanerochaete chrysosporium,” Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 913–920, 2007.
N. Thirumalaivasan et al., “Utilization of fungal and bacterial bioremediation techniques for the treatment of toxic waste and biowaste,” 2024, Frontiers Media SA. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1416445.
R. Deshmukh, A. A. Khardenavis, and H. J. Purohit, “Diverse Metabolic Capacities of Fungi for Bioremediation,” Sep. 01, 2016, Springer India. doi: 10.1007/s12088-016-0584-6.
H. Vázquez-Lima, P. Guadarrama, and C. Martínez-Anaya, “Geometric distortions on a three-coordinated T1 Cu site model as a potential strategy to modulate redox potential. A theoretical study,” J Mol Model, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 455–466, Feb. 2012, doi: 10.1007/s00894-011-1063-y.
V. K. Gupta and M. G. Tuohy, “Fungal Biology Series Editors.” [Online]. Available: http://www.springer.com/series/11224
M. Loi, O. Glazunova, T. Fedorova, A. F. Logrieco, and G. Mulè, “Fungal laccases: The forefront of enzymes for sustainability,” Dec. 01, 2021, MDPI. doi: 10.3390/jof7121048.
C. Orlando et al., “Mechanism of non-phenolic substrate oxidation by the fungal laccase Type 1 copper site from Trametes versicolor: the case of benzo[a]pyrene and anthracene,” Dalton Transactions, vol. 53, no. 29, pp. 12152–12161, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1039/d4dt01377h.
A. I. Cañas and S. Camarero, “Laccases and their natural mediators: Biotechnological tools for sustainable eco-friendly processes,” Nov. 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.05.002.
C. Reyes, A. Poulin, G. Nyström, F. W. M. R. Schwarze, and J. Ribera, “Enzyme activities of five white-rot fungi in the presence of nanocellulose,” Journal of Fungi, vol. 7, no. 3, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/jof7030222.
K. Dhakar and A. Pandey, “Laccase production from a temperature and pH tolerant fungal strain of Trametes hirsuta (MTCC 11397),” Enzyme Res, vol. 2013, 2013, doi: 10.1155/2013/869062.
B. M. Ramayanam, “ Laccase enzyme production from Trametes versicolor : a sustainable approach to treat raw dye bath textile effluent ,” Essential Chem, vol. 2, no. 1, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1080/28378083.2025.2527045.
E. Krumova et al., “Potential of ligninolytic enzymatic complex produced by white-rot fungi from genus Trametes isolated from Bulgarian forest soil,” Eng Life Sci, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 692–701, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1002/elsc.201800055.
K. Shi and J. Wang, “Research on a Mixed Culture Technique of the White Rot Fungi Effect of Extracellular Lignin Peroxidase on Lignite Liquefaction,” Front Energy Res, vol. 7, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00133.
L. Nurjannah, S. Falah, A. Azhari, I. Made Artika, and L. Nurjannah SSi, “Trametes versicolor as Agent for Delignification of Rice Husks.”
C. D. Fernandes et al., “Fungal biosynthesis of lignin-modifying enzymes from pulp wash and Luffa cylindrica for azo dye RB5 biodecolorization using modeling by response surface methodology and artificial neural network,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 399, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123094.
P. A. Campos, L. N. Levin, and S. A. Wirth, “Heterologous production, characterization and dye decolorization ability of a novel thermostable laccase isoenzyme from Trametes trogii BAFC 463,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 895–903, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.03.015.
A. Srivastava, L. Kumar, D. B, S. Kumar, and R. Rani, “Microbial decolorization of Reactive Black 5 dye by Bacillus albus DD1 isolated from textile 2 water effluent: Kinetic, thermodynamics &decolorization mechanism 3.” [Online]. Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3871590
A. Umar, I. Abid, M. S. Elshikh, L. Dufossé, A. M. Abdel-Azeem, and I. Ali, “Agitation role (Dissolved Oxygen) in production of laccase from newly identified Ganoderma multistipitatum sp. nov. and its effect on mycelium morphology,” BMC Microbiol, vol. 23, no. 1, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12866-023-03009-2.
T. Hadibarata et al., “Microbial decolorization of an azo dye reactive black 5 using white-rot fungus Pleurotus eryngii F032,” Water Air Soil Pollut, vol. 224, no. 6, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1007/s11270-013-1595-0.
K. Svobodová, P. Erbanová, J. Sklenáá, and ý Novotný, “The Role of Mn-Dependent Peroxidase in Dye Decolorization by Static and Agitated Cultures of Irpex lacteus,” 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.biomed.cas.cz/mbu/folia/
G. Rajhans, A. Barik, S. K. Sen, and S. Raut, “Degradation of dyes by fungi: an insight into mycoremediation,” 2021, Termedia Publishing House Ltd. doi: 10.5114/BTA.2021.111109.
K. Enayatzamir, H. A. Alikhani, and S. Rodríguez Couto, “Simultaneous production of laccase and decolouration of the diazo dye Reactive Black 5 in a fixed-bed bioreactor,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 164, no. 1, pp. 296–300, May 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.032.
S. Pramanik and S. Chaudhuri, “Laccase activity and azo dye decolorization potential of Podoscypha elegans,” 2018, Korean Society of Mycology. doi: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1454006.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v6i1.1777
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Retno Wulandari, Mitha Mitha, Abdul Kahar, Eko Heryadi, Muhammad Fahmi, Rif'an Fathoni, Rosa Assyifa Firyaal, Wahyudi Rangga
The works in the IJESTY Journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC BY 4.0).